# Difference between revisions of "proposal Fall 2010"

## Project 2: Apply Hadoop Map-Reduce to a Classification Method

By: Maia Hariri, Trevor Sabourin, and Johann Setiawan

Develop map-reduce processes that can properly classify large distributed data sets.

Potential projects:

1. Use Hadoop Map-Reduce to implement the Support Vector Machine (Kernel) classification algorithm.
2. Use Hadoop Map-Reduce to implement the LDA classification algorithm on a novel problem (e.g. forensic identification of handwriting.)

## Project 3 : Hierarchical Locally Linear Classification

By: Pouria Fewzee

Extension of an intrinsic two-class classifier to a multi-class may be challenging, as the common approaches either remain some vague areas in the feature space, or are computationally inefficient. One may found linear classifier and support vector machines two well-known instances of intrinsic two-class classifiers, and the k-1 and k(k-1)/2-hyperplanes as two most common approaches for extension of their capabilities to multi-class tasks. The k-1 bothers from leaving vague areas in the feature space and even the k(k-1)/2 does not have this problem, it is not computationally efficient. Hierarchical classification is proposed as a solution. This not only improves the efficiency of the classifier, but also the suggested tree could provide the specialists with new outlooks in the field.

To build a general purpose classifier which adapts to different patterns, as much as demanded, is another purpose of this project. To realize this goal, locally linear classification is proposed. Performing the locality in classifier design is accomplished by means of utilizing a combination of fuzzy computation tools along with binary decision trees.

## Project 4 : Cluster Ensembles for High Dimensional Clustering

By: Chun Bai, Lisha Yu

Clustering for unsupervised data exploration and analysis has been investigated for decades in machine learning. Its performance is directly influenced by the dimensionality. Data with high dimensionality pose two fundamental challenges for clustering algorithms. First, the data tend to be sparse in a high dimensional space. Second, there often exist noisy features that may mislead clustering algorithm.

The paper studies cluster ensembles for high dimensional data clustering. Three different approaches to constructing cluster ensembles are examined:

1. Random projection based approach
2. Combining PCA and random subsampling
3. Combing random projection with PCA

Moreover, four different consensus function for combing the clustering of the ensemble are examined:

1. Consensus Functions Using Graph Partitioning
-Instance-Based Graph Formulation (IBGF)
-Cluster-Based Graph Formulation (CBGF)
-Hybrid Bipartite Graph Formulation (HBGF)
2. Consensus Function Using Centroid-based Clustering (KMCF)

Using the datasets from UCI, It shows that ensembles generated by random projection perform better than those by PCA and further that this can be attributed to the capability of random projection to produce diverse base clustering. It has also shown that a recent consensus function based on bipartite graph partitioning achieves the best performance.

## Project 5 : Texture Classification Using Compressive Sensing

Analysis of textures has many potential applications such as: remote sensing, biomedical image analysis and surface inspection. One of the major tasks in this area is texture classification. A major problem in texture analysis is that the natural textures are not often uniform, due to variations in scale, orientation, or other visual appearances which makes it harder to work with textures as compared to natural images. We can generally model natural images as deterministic signals while statistical models are more successful for texture synthesis. Though, many successful methods have been proposed for texture classifications [1], which have solved the fore mentioned problems considerably, but there is still need to develop better algorithms. Similar to other classification problems we will have a dimension reduction step. This step is necessary to make the feature vector invariant to the above mentioned variations. Many methods have been proposed in the literature to achieve this task. Most commonly, some kind of transform is used to map the signal to lower dimension space e.g.: wavelets, FDA, and statistical methods. Recently, Compressive sensing (CS) has also been used for this very purpose [2]. Compressive sensing is a technique for finding sparse solutions to underdetermined linear systems [3]. Consider a linear system with more unknowns than equations.

\begin{align} \mathbf{Y_{n*1}} = \Phi_{n*m}\mathbf{X_{m*1}} \end{align}

It is obvious that this problem does not have a unique solution but it can be shown if we assume sparsity as the prior knowledge about the solution, we can end up calculating a unique answer. This means that we can specify a sparse signal uniquely in lower dimensions. This demonstrates that CS has the potential to be used as dimension reduction. In contrast to classic CS where it is required to solve (1), here, instead we would like to design in order to transform our data to lower dimension space with the possibility of retrieving it uniquely. The main problem is that textures are not sparse signals so before doing this step we need to find a method to transform textures to sparse signals. After this step we can use existing methods for classification purpose. In this project I plan to carry out an extensive overview of existing texture classification methods, compressive sensing and the connection between two. I would survey current methods that use CS as a tool for classification and compare them in various aspects. Besides, I will also implement a novel idea to perform classification task similar to the proposed method in [2]. Principally, I hope to achieve better results by taking advantage of texture signal properties.

[1] T. Ojala, M. Pietikainen, T. Maenpaa: “Multi resolution gray-scale and rotation Invariant texture classification with local binary patterns” IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 24 (2002)971–987

[2] L. Lui, P. Fieguth “Texture classification using compressed sensing.” 2010 Canadian Conference on Computer and Robot Vision (CRV)

[3] D. Donoho. “Compressed sensing,” IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol.52, pp.1289-1306, 2006.

## Project 6 : Observation Conditions to Localization Accuracy Association

By: Haitham Amar

Vehicle localization is a key issue that has recently attracted a significant amount of attention in a wide range of applications. Navigation, vehicle tracking, Emergency Calling (eCall) and Location Based Services (LBS) are examples of emerging applications that have a great demand for location information. Indeed, the Global Positioning System (GPS) has been the de facto standard solution for the vehicle localization problem. Nevertheless, GPS based localization is inaccurate and unreliable due to GPS' inherent positional errors such as poor performance in vertical positioning and the prevalent horizontal movement, in addition to anomalies caused by line-of-sight occlusions and multipath issues in urban canyons.

It is well recognized in the literature that the performance of GPS receivers has a stochastic behavior, which is influenced by the observation conditions. For example, localization accuracy is high in open sky environments; however, in the presence of high rise buildings the localization accuracy is low and sometimes it is hard to be defined. Moreover, the GPS satellite signals may vanish if the vehicle goes through underpass or tunnel. The deficiency of obtaining consisting localization accuracy cannot be tolerated by many applications. Therefore, recent pieces of research work have attempted to evaluate the localization performance of various positioning techniques as a first step of improving the performance.

Since GPS technology is a crucial component in most of the vehicle localization techniques, the focus of this project will be on the classification of the performance of a GPS receiver while monitoring certain parameters sensitive to the observation conditions. In the literature, the sensitivity of two parameters (namely, the Signal to Noise Ratio of the received signal (SNR) from the GPS satellites and the Dilution of Precision (DOP) value has been investigated. Conceivably, the SNR is sensitive to the local environment of the receiver (High-rise buildings, trees, open sky, etc.). However, the DOP is reflecting the goodness of the geometric arrangement of the GPS satellites used as reference points in the localization process. Nevertheless, by looking at the figures of the SNR and DOP and comparing them with the localization errors, in many cases it is not trivial to draw a mapping function or classifier that can indicate the performance of the receiver.

Objectives of the project:

•Introducing more features similar to SNR and DOP, such as number of satellites used in the localization process, the mean and the variance of the SNR, the change in the satellites’ constellation, the speed of the vehicle, etc. These features are expected to support the process of discriminate analysis.

•Constructing a rich learning data base for GPS receiver measurements.

•Implementing different classification techniques to classify a number of performance margins for the GPS localizations. These classification techniques may not be limited to the ones we have been taught in the course.

•Studying the sensitivity of the classification techniques to the features that will be introduced.

Challenges of the project:

•A sufficient GPS data need to be collected in different environment conditions.

•Specifying the GPS performance margins that could be provided by the receiver in the different environment conditions.

•Despite our enthusiasm towards this research work, there is still a dark side of this new experimental work in terms of obtaining no major contribution as appose to the time spend on the investigation.

Current status:

•A GPS receiver is already under our hands, which will allow us to collect as much data as we need.

•The communication with the hardware is already setup and we were able to capture some date on campus in various environment condition.

•Now we are working on extracting the features form the raw data collected by the GPS.

## Project 7 : Face Recognition Using Kernel Fisher Linear Discriminant Analysis and RBF Neural Network

By: Ahmed Ibrahim Face recognition is one of the important areas in the field of pattern recognition, computer vision and artificial intelligence. It can be used in wide range of applications such as credit cards, passport, biometrics, law enforcement, identity authentication and surveillance.

This paper, we propose a new method for face recognition using KFLDA and RBF neural networks (RBFNN) which I will try to implement it as my project in this course.

## Project 8 : Application of Machine Learning to Epileptic Seizure Detection

By: Hanna Kazhamiaka

One application of machine learning approaches in the biomedical field is the construction of seizure detection algorithms for epileptic patients. Shoeb and Guttag propose a patient-specific classifier to detect the onset of a seizure through analysis of scalp EEG, in Application of Machine Learning To Epileptic Seizure Detection. The objective is to achieve accurate detection by using an automated process for creating the feature vector. The time evolution of both spectral and spatial properties of the brain’s electrical activity is combined in a single feature space, which means that there is no need for an expert to manually combine the features. This is a binary classification problem: seizure and non-seizure activity is classified using a support vector machine with non-linear decision boundaries generated by an RBF kernel. In this project, I will apply this detection algorithm to a data set consisting of 916 hours of continuous scalp EEG activity from 23 pediatric patients, in attempt to reproduce the results of the paper.

## Project 9 : Stable Signal recovery From Incomplete and Inaccurate Measurements

By: Azim Ansari, Fei Wang, Xin Xiong

We have selected a paper about compressive sensing and we have planned to reproduce the result of it. Also, we are planning to implement a novel idea by classification via incomplete abservation .Following is our proposal summary:

We will try to use the algorithm in the paper “Stable Signal recovery From Incomplete and Inaccurate Measurements” to recover an image by an incomplete and contaminated observation.

Step 01 We choose an image and change it into a vector x0.

Step 02 We design a matrix A which satisfies some special principal and take A*x0, that means that we make an incomplete observation of x0. (the image) We will apply some classification algorithms to the incomplete information A*x0 and compare the results produced by original ones.

Step 03 We add an error term e (a noise) to A*x0, have y=A*x0+e as our Input. (The incomplete and contaminated information form the image vector x0)

Step 04 Finally, we try to recover the image from our input y and get y0 and our recovered image vector, and then we compare y0 and x0.

## Project 10 : Understanding affective expressions in human hand movements

Humans infer and ascribe affective meaning to observed motions even if none is intended. In this work, affective expression demonstrated through human hand motions will be studied using a labeled expressive hand movement dataset. The Human hand is the most dexterous of the human limbs and is capable of demonstrating a wide range of gestural movements, through which a rich source of information about the feeling and intention of their demonstrator is conveyed. Furthermore, human hand gestures can be highly variable, even when performed by the same person (e.g. different instances of the same expressive movement performed by a single human can be different even though intended to convey the same expression). Therefore, it is necessary to identify inherent movement qualities associated with different classes of expressive movements. This project aims to identify a subset of features or correlation of features whose presence preserves the semantics or perception of the affect conveyed in the movement, while conversely, their absence or any change in them might result in misperception of the movement affect.

##### Summary of the proposed project is described below:
• Understanding affective expression in high-dimensional hand movements and characterization of expressive hand movements:
• Dimensionality reduction techniques map the data to lower dimensional subspaces spanned by a subset of features or transformation of features in which sufficient information exist to do accurate classification of different classes of expressive movements.
• Literature review on Sufficient dimensionality reduction
• Feature selection: Relevant features.
• e.g. Forward selection/backward elimination, Lasso’s approach.
• Feature extraction:Relevant feature correlation.
• e.g. PCA, LLE, HSIC (a kernel dimensionality reduction), STIsomap (A spatio-temporal extension to Isomap nonlinear dimension reduction).
• Evaluation
• In order to evaluate the outcome of the feature extraction and feature selection techniques, statistical classification will be performed on the labeled dataset and hypothesis test will be done to evaluate the level of representativeness of each subset of features or feature correlation found in the previous steps based on the classification results.

This study potentially will lead to the development of appropriate metric spaces through which a notion of similarity for expressive hand movement can be defined for quantitative comparison and classification of these movements.

## Project 11 : Use of Neural Networks and Genetic Algorithms on Demographic Data for Targeted Advertising

By: Laura Chelaru, Meng Lu, Nicholas Church

We have found a paper that claims to improves upon traditional demographic-targeted advertising methods by putting forward a classification technique that combines genetic algorithms and neural network learning. In brief, a genetic algorithm is used to pre-select the features that are learned by the neural network. The paper compares their classification technique with a more traditional method based on a PCA/logit rule. This paper was published in a 2005 issue of Management Science and can be accessed here.

The paper uses demographic data collected from customers of an insurance company, and the data is publically-available.

Classification methods used in this paper are not trivial, but we will attempt to reproduce their results by implementing the algorithms that they put foward. We will test our implementation on the same data that the paper used, and we will discuss any difficulties involved with implementing their algorithms.

In addition, we will also review the classification techniques generally used in demographic-based targeted advertising, and we will put foward an opinion on what new advances in classification methodology are being most likely to be used in the future for this application.