View source for Traffic Sign Recognition System (TSRS): SVM and Convolutional Neural Network

== Presented by == 
Egemen Guray

== Introduction ==
In order to increase the sustainability and decrease incidents of autonomous driving, Hasan Nazmul et.al. presents various techniques and models to build a Traffic Sign Recognition System. In this paper Convolutional Neural Network, and Support Vector Machine models are proposed to address this issue.

[[Image: TSRS.png|1000px|center]]

== Previous Work == 
Over the years researchers published papers on traffic sign recognition using SVM and CNN. In 2019, Wei-Jong Yang et al proposed a CNN and SVM based TSRS. Using SVM model recognizes the sign and using CNN model predicts which traffic sign it is with a 97% accuracy.

In 2017, Prashengit Dhar et al. proposed a Traffic Sign Recognition system which achieves 97% accuracy with a HSV color model and a CNN classifier. 

In 2019, Aashrith and et al. used CNN to recognize traffic signs. They achieved 99.18% accuracy on Belgium Data and 99.50% accuracy on German Traffic Sign Benchmark (GTSDB). 

In 2019 Pavly Salah Zaki and et al. published a paper on multiple entity detection system which uses combination of F-RCNN and Single Shot Multi Box Detector along with several feature extractors to detect traffic sign on GTSB dataset.

== Proposed Methodology ==

For recognizing traffic signs Hasan Nazmul et al. uses two approaches based on CNN and SVM.
They have considered 12 different classes each with 100 images. Dataset was built from cropping video frame which have been collected random videos.

[[Image: TrafficSigns.png|1000px|center]]

== Model Architecture ==
Model is composed of convolutional layers, Relu function, polling layers, and fully connected layer. 

[[Image: CNNFormulaTSRS.png|1000px|center]]

In the first step, Convolutional layer takes one input and output image in 2D format to extract features from images. After that Relu function replaces all negative values to 0. 

Max polling in the polling layer progressively decrease the size of the input images thus decreases the number of dimensions and the computational power needed while helping model to avoid overfitting as well. 

Fully connected layer combines all features into output stage, calculated error gets to be minimized using backpropagation.

== Results ==
CNN classification method for Traffic sign prediction scored 99.56% accuracy on training and 96.40% validation accuracy. 
Plot of training/validation accuracy and loss of CNN model is visualized in figure 5 and 6.

== Conclusion ==

This paper study was to represent an original effective traffic sign detection and recognition approach towards the design of TSRS. As a recent research topic TSRS is getting popular day by day. In this study, it is done using SVM and CNN classification algorithms to decline extensive traffic difficulties. In our ex- periment, we obtained highest training accuracy from CNN 99.56%, while the test accuracy was 96.40%. We showed the real time evaluation results of SVM, where the system performed 98.33% accurately. Many research focused on SVM and CNN to solve this specific problem. 
In future, our aim is to increase the number of traffic sign classes with large amount of quality data. As in a machine learning research, to maintain data vol- ume and data quality is most important and time consuming part. To provide a complete system to overcome the traffic issues our ambition is to implement a system with distance calculation form car to traffic sign. 

== References ==

[1] Yang, WJ., Luo, CC., Chung, PC., Yang, JF.: Simplified Neural Networks with Smart Detection for Road Traffic Sign Recognition. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, vol 69. Springer, Cham (2020)

[2] Dhar, M. Z., Abedin, T., Biswas, Datta, A.: Traffic sign detection — A new approach and recognition using convolution neural network. IEEE Region 10 Humanitarian Technology Conference (R10-HTC), Dhaka, pp. 416-419, (2017) 

[3] Aashrith, V., Smriti, S.: Traffic Sign Detection and Recognition using a CNN Ensemble. IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics (ICCE). 07 March, (2019)
 
[4] Zaki, P. S., et al.: Traffic Signs Detection and Recognition System using Deep Learning. In: Conference on Intelligent Computing and Information Systems (ICICIS) (2019)