# Presented By

Xiaolan Xu, Robin Wen, Yue Weng, Beizhen Chang

# Introduction

We develop a new way of representing a neural network as a graph, which we call relational graph. Our key insight is to focus on message exchange, rather than just on directed data flow. As a simple example, for a fixedwidth fully-connected layer, we can represent one input channel and one output channel together as a single node, and an edge in the relational graph represents the message exchange between the two nodes (Figure 1(a)).

# Relational Graph

We define a graph $G =(V; E)$ by its node set $V =\{v_1,...,v_n\}$ and edge set $E \subseteq \{(v_i,v_j)|v_i,v_j\in V\}$. We assume that each node $v$ correpsonds with a feature $x_v$, which might be scalar, vector or tensor quantity.

# Parameter Definition

(1) Clustering Coefficient

(2) Average Path Length

# Discussions and Conclusions

Section 5 of the paper summarize the result of experiment among multiple different relational graphs through sampling and analyzing.

## 1. Neural networks performance depends on its structure

In the experiment, top-1 errors are going to be used to measure the performance of the model. The parameters of the models are average path length and clustering coefficient. Heat maps was created to illustrate the difference of predictive performance among possible average path length and clustering coefficient. In Figure ???, The darker area represents a smaller top-1 error which indicate the model perform better than other area. Compare with the complete graph which has A = 1 and C = 1, The best performing relational graph can outperform the complete graph baseline by 1.4% top-1 error for MLP on CIFAR-10, and 0.5% to 1.2% for models on ImageNet. Hence it is an indicator that the predictive performance of neural network highly depends on the graph structure, or equivalently that completed graph does not always preform the best.

## 2. Sweet spot where performance is significantly improved

To reduce the training noise, the 3942 graphs that in the sample had been grouped into 52 bin, each bin had been colored based on the average performance of graphs that fall into the bin. Based on the heat map, the well-performing graphs tend to cluster into a special spot that the paper called “sweet spot” shown in the red rectangle.

## 3. Relationship between neural network’s performance and parameters

When we visualize the heat map, we can see that there are no significant jump of performance that occurred as small change of clustering coefficient and average path length. If one of the variable is fixed in a small range, it is observed that a second degree polynomial is a good visualization tools for the overall trend. Therefore, both clustering coefficient and average path length are highly related with neural network performance by a U-shape.

## 4. Consistency among many different tasks and datasets

It is observed that the results are consistent through different point of view. Among multiple architecture dataset, it is observed that the clustering coefficient within [0.1,0.7] and average path length with in [1.5,3] consistently outperform the baseline complete graph.

Among different dataset with network that has similar clustering coefficient and average path length, the results are correlated, The paper mentioned that ResNet-34 is much more complex than 5-layer MLP but a fixed set relational graphs would perform similarly in both setting, with Pearson correlation of 0.658, the p-value for the Null hypothesis is less than 10^-8.

## 5. top architectures can be identified efficiently

According to the graphs we have in the Key Results. We can see that there is a "sweet spot" and therefore, we do not have to train the entire data set for a large value of epoch. We can take a sample of the data and just focusing on the "sweet spot" would save a lot of time. Within 3 epochs, the correlation between the variables are already high enough for the future computation.

## 6. well-performing neural networks have graph structure surprisingly similar to those of real biological neural networks

The way we define relational graphs and average length in the graph is similar to the way information is exchanged in network science. The biological neural network also has a similar relational graph representation and graph measure with the best-performing relational graph.

# Critique

1. The experiment is only measuring on a single data set which might impact the conclusion since this is not representative enough. 2. When we are fitting the model, training data should be randomized in each epoch to reduce the noise.